Groundwater is one of Australia’s most critical water resources—stored in underground layers of soil, sand, and rock called aquifers. It supplies drinking water, irrigation, and stock water across the country, and supports ecosystems that rely on springs and subsurface flows.
But understanding and protecting it requires careful monitoring.
What is groundwater?
Groundwater forms when rain and surface water seep through the soil and accumulate in aquifers. In Australia, it accounts for around 17% of accessible water resources and over 30% of total water use, with some regions relying on it for up to 70% of irrigation needs.
It’s especially vital in arid and drought-prone areas, where surface water is scarce.
Why Monitor Groundwater?
Monitoring helps us:
- Track water quality and detect contamination
- Measure aquifer levels and recharge rates
- Assess impacts of drought, land use, and extraction
- Support sustainable water management and policy
How Is Groundwater Sampled?
Groundwater is accessed through boreholes drilled into aquifers. To collect a reliable sample:
- Purge the borehole – remove stagnant water to reach fresh groundwater.
- Use bailers or pumps – draw water from specific depths.
- Test on-site – measure pH, conductivity, turbidity, and temperature.
- Send to lab – analyse for chemical and microbiological content.
Proper sampling helps track water quality, detect contamination, and support sustainable water management.
Challenges in the Field
Groundwater sampling isn’t without its quirks:
- Boreholes can be damaged by machinery on active sites
- Wildlife (like frogs!) may take up residence in standpipes
- Equipment can be lost down boreholes without proper handling
That’s why trained professionals are essential.
Protecting a Precious Resource
Groundwater is finite and vulnerable. Over-extraction, pollution, and climate variability can all impact its availability. Monitoring helps ensure this hidden resource remains reliable for generations to come.
Interested in groundwater history?
Read our article on groundwater studies of Ancient Greece, here:
